"Jänkarna" mer trögdrivna?
- Thread starter SM5NFT
- Start date
SM0AOM
Well-Known Member
Så har det varit sedan sent 70-tal. Orsaken var just att de användes efter PR-apparater.
Här är hela lagtexten:
"Title 47: Telecommunication
PART 2—FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS AND RADIO TREATY MATTERS; GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS
Subpart I—Marketing of Radio-frequency Devices
§ 2.815 External radio frequency power amplifiers.
(a) As used in this part, an external radio frequency power amplifier is any device which, (1) when used in conjunction with a radio transmitter as a signal source is capable of amplification of that signal, and (2) is not an integral part of a radio transmitter as manufactured.
(b) After April 27, 1978, no person shall manufacture, sell or lease, offer for sale or lease (including advertising for sale or lease), or import, ship, or distribute for the purpose of selling or leasing or offering for sale or lease, any external radio frequency power amplifier or amplifier kit capable of operation on any frequency or frequencies between 24 and 35 MHz.
Note: For purposes of this part, the amplifier will be deemed incapable of operation between 24 and 35 MHz if:
(1) The amplifier has no more than 6 decibels of gain between 24 and 26 MHz and between 28 and 35 MHz. (This gain is determined by the ratio of the input RF driving signal (mean power measurement) to the mean RF output power of the amplifier.); and
(2) The amplifier exhibits no amplification (0 decibels of gain) between 26 and 28 MHz.
(c) No person shall manufacture, sell or lease, offer for sale or lease (including advertising for sale or lease) or import, ship or distribute for the purpose of selling or leasing or offering for sale or lease, any external radio frequency power amplifier or amplifier kit capable of operation on any frequency or frequencies below 144 MHz unless the amplifier has received a grant of type acceptance in accordance with subpart J of this part and subpart C of part 97 or other relevant parts of this chapter. No more than 10 external radio frequency power amplifiers or amplifier kits may be constructed for evaluation purposes in preparation for the submission of an application for a grant of type acceptance.
Note: For the purposes of this part, an amplifier will be deemed incapable of operation below 144 MHz if the amplifier is not capable of being easily modified to increase its amplification characteristics below 120 MHz, and either:
(1) The mean output power of the amplifier decreases, as frequency decreases from 144 MHz, to a point where 0 decibels or less gain is exhibited at 120 MHz and below 120 MHz; or
(2) The amplifier is not capable of even short periods of operation below 120 MHz without sustaining permanent damage to its amplification circuitry.
(d) The proscription in paragraph (b) of this section shall not apply to the marketing, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, by a licensed amateur radio operator to another licensed amateur radio operator of an external radio frequency power amplifier fabricated in not more than one unit of the same model in a calendar year by that operator provided the amplifier is for the amateur operator's personal use at his licensed amateur radio station and the requirements of §§97.315 and 97.317 of this chapter are met.
(e) The proscription in paragraph (c) of this section shall not apply in the marketing, as defined in paragraph (c) of this section, by a licensed amateur radio operator to another licensed amateur radio operator of an external radio frequency power amplifier if the amplifier is for the amateur operator's personal use at his licensed amateur radio station and the requirements of §§97.315 and 97.317 of this chapter are met.
[40 FR 1246, Jan. 7, 1975; 40 FR 6474, Feb. 12, 1975, as amended at 43 FR 12687, Mar. 27, 1978; 43 FR 33725, Aug. 1, 1978; 46 FR 18981, Mar. 27, 1981; 62 FR 10470, Mar. 7, 1997]"
Amerikaner är hårt hållna...
73/
Karl-Arne
SM0AOM
Här är hela lagtexten:
"Title 47: Telecommunication
PART 2—FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS AND RADIO TREATY MATTERS; GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS
Subpart I—Marketing of Radio-frequency Devices
§ 2.815 External radio frequency power amplifiers.
(a) As used in this part, an external radio frequency power amplifier is any device which, (1) when used in conjunction with a radio transmitter as a signal source is capable of amplification of that signal, and (2) is not an integral part of a radio transmitter as manufactured.
(b) After April 27, 1978, no person shall manufacture, sell or lease, offer for sale or lease (including advertising for sale or lease), or import, ship, or distribute for the purpose of selling or leasing or offering for sale or lease, any external radio frequency power amplifier or amplifier kit capable of operation on any frequency or frequencies between 24 and 35 MHz.
Note: For purposes of this part, the amplifier will be deemed incapable of operation between 24 and 35 MHz if:
(1) The amplifier has no more than 6 decibels of gain between 24 and 26 MHz and between 28 and 35 MHz. (This gain is determined by the ratio of the input RF driving signal (mean power measurement) to the mean RF output power of the amplifier.); and
(2) The amplifier exhibits no amplification (0 decibels of gain) between 26 and 28 MHz.
(c) No person shall manufacture, sell or lease, offer for sale or lease (including advertising for sale or lease) or import, ship or distribute for the purpose of selling or leasing or offering for sale or lease, any external radio frequency power amplifier or amplifier kit capable of operation on any frequency or frequencies below 144 MHz unless the amplifier has received a grant of type acceptance in accordance with subpart J of this part and subpart C of part 97 or other relevant parts of this chapter. No more than 10 external radio frequency power amplifiers or amplifier kits may be constructed for evaluation purposes in preparation for the submission of an application for a grant of type acceptance.
Note: For the purposes of this part, an amplifier will be deemed incapable of operation below 144 MHz if the amplifier is not capable of being easily modified to increase its amplification characteristics below 120 MHz, and either:
(1) The mean output power of the amplifier decreases, as frequency decreases from 144 MHz, to a point where 0 decibels or less gain is exhibited at 120 MHz and below 120 MHz; or
(2) The amplifier is not capable of even short periods of operation below 120 MHz without sustaining permanent damage to its amplification circuitry.
(d) The proscription in paragraph (b) of this section shall not apply to the marketing, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, by a licensed amateur radio operator to another licensed amateur radio operator of an external radio frequency power amplifier fabricated in not more than one unit of the same model in a calendar year by that operator provided the amplifier is for the amateur operator's personal use at his licensed amateur radio station and the requirements of §§97.315 and 97.317 of this chapter are met.
(e) The proscription in paragraph (c) of this section shall not apply in the marketing, as defined in paragraph (c) of this section, by a licensed amateur radio operator to another licensed amateur radio operator of an external radio frequency power amplifier if the amplifier is for the amateur operator's personal use at his licensed amateur radio station and the requirements of §§97.315 and 97.317 of this chapter are met.
[40 FR 1246, Jan. 7, 1975; 40 FR 6474, Feb. 12, 1975, as amended at 43 FR 12687, Mar. 27, 1978; 43 FR 33725, Aug. 1, 1978; 46 FR 18981, Mar. 27, 1981; 62 FR 10470, Mar. 7, 1997]"
Amerikaner är hårt hållna...
73/
Karl-Arne
SM0AOM
SM0AOM
Well-Known Member
All materiel som säljs i USA måste ha en "certifiering".
I reglerna för externa PA:n finns kravet på 50W driveffekt.
Reglerna lyder som följer:
"Part 97 : Sec. 97.317 Standards for certification of external RF power amplifiers
(a) To receive a grant of certification, the amplifier must satisfy the spurious emission standards of Sec. 97.307(d) or (e) of this part, as applicable, when the amplifier is:
(1) Operated at its full output power;
(2) Placed in the "standby'' or "off'' positions, but still connected to the transmitter; and
(3) Driven with at least 50 W mean RF input power (unless higher drive level is specified.)
(b) To receive a grant of certification, the amplifier must not be capable of operation on any frequency or frequencies between 24 MHz and 35 MHz. The amplifier will be deemed incapable of such operation if it:
(1) Exhibits no more than 6 dB gain between 24 MHz and 26 MHz and between 28 MHz and 35 MHz. (This gain will be determined by the ratio of the input RF driving signal (mean power measurement) to the mean RF output power of the amplifier); and
(2) Exhibits no amplification (0 dB gain) between 26 MHz and 28 MHz.
(c) Certification may be denied when denial would prevent the use of these amplifiers in services other than the amateur service. The following features will result in dismissal or denial of an application for certification:
(1) Any accessible wiring which, when altered, would permit operation of the amplifier in a manner contrary to the FCC Rules;
(2) Circuit boards or similar circuitry to facilitate the addition of components to change the amplifier's operating characteristics in a manner contrary to the FCC Rules;
(3) Instructions for operation or modification of the amplifier in a manner contrary to FCC Rules;
(4) Any internal or external controls or adjustments to facilitate operation of the amplifier in a manner contrary to the FCC Rules;
(5) Any internal RF sensing circuitry or any external switch, the purpose of which is to place the amplifier in the transmit mode;
(6) The incorporation of more gain in the amplifier than is necessary to operate in the amateur service; for purposes of this paragraph, the amplifier must:
(i) Not be capable of achieving designed output power when driven with less than 50 W mean RF input power;
(ii) Not be capable of amplifying the input RF driving signal by more than 15 dB, unless the amplifier has a designed transmitter power of less than 1.5 kW (in such a case, gain must be reduced by the same number of dB as the transmitter power relationship to 1.5 kW; This gain limitation is determined by the ratio of the input RF driving signal to the RF output power of the amplifier where both signals are expressed in peak envelope power or mean power);
(iii) Not exhibit more gain than permitted by paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section when driven by an RF input signal of less than 50 W mean power; and
(iv) Be capable of sustained operation at its designed power level;
(7) Any attenuation in the input of the amplifier which, when removed or modified, would permit the amplifier to function at its designed transmitter power when driven by an RF frequency input signal of less than 50 W mean power; or
(8) Any other features designed to facilitate operation in a telecommunication service other than the Amateur Radio Services, such as the Citizens Band (CB) Radio Service.
[54 FR 25857, June 20, 1989, as amended at 63 FR 36611, July 7, 1998]
Effective Date Note: At 63 FR 36611, July 7, 1998, Sec. 97.317, the section heading was revised; paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) were amended by removing the term "type acceptance'' each place it appears and adding in its place "certification'', effective Oct. 5, 1998."
Jämför dessa textmassor med vår 3/4 A4-sida av vagt hållna bestämmelser...
73/
Karl-Arne
SM0AOM
I reglerna för externa PA:n finns kravet på 50W driveffekt.
Reglerna lyder som följer:
"Part 97 : Sec. 97.317 Standards for certification of external RF power amplifiers
(a) To receive a grant of certification, the amplifier must satisfy the spurious emission standards of Sec. 97.307(d) or (e) of this part, as applicable, when the amplifier is:
(1) Operated at its full output power;
(2) Placed in the "standby'' or "off'' positions, but still connected to the transmitter; and
(3) Driven with at least 50 W mean RF input power (unless higher drive level is specified.)
(b) To receive a grant of certification, the amplifier must not be capable of operation on any frequency or frequencies between 24 MHz and 35 MHz. The amplifier will be deemed incapable of such operation if it:
(1) Exhibits no more than 6 dB gain between 24 MHz and 26 MHz and between 28 MHz and 35 MHz. (This gain will be determined by the ratio of the input RF driving signal (mean power measurement) to the mean RF output power of the amplifier); and
(2) Exhibits no amplification (0 dB gain) between 26 MHz and 28 MHz.
(c) Certification may be denied when denial would prevent the use of these amplifiers in services other than the amateur service. The following features will result in dismissal or denial of an application for certification:
(1) Any accessible wiring which, when altered, would permit operation of the amplifier in a manner contrary to the FCC Rules;
(2) Circuit boards or similar circuitry to facilitate the addition of components to change the amplifier's operating characteristics in a manner contrary to the FCC Rules;
(3) Instructions for operation or modification of the amplifier in a manner contrary to FCC Rules;
(4) Any internal or external controls or adjustments to facilitate operation of the amplifier in a manner contrary to the FCC Rules;
(5) Any internal RF sensing circuitry or any external switch, the purpose of which is to place the amplifier in the transmit mode;
(6) The incorporation of more gain in the amplifier than is necessary to operate in the amateur service; for purposes of this paragraph, the amplifier must:
(i) Not be capable of achieving designed output power when driven with less than 50 W mean RF input power;
(ii) Not be capable of amplifying the input RF driving signal by more than 15 dB, unless the amplifier has a designed transmitter power of less than 1.5 kW (in such a case, gain must be reduced by the same number of dB as the transmitter power relationship to 1.5 kW; This gain limitation is determined by the ratio of the input RF driving signal to the RF output power of the amplifier where both signals are expressed in peak envelope power or mean power);
(iii) Not exhibit more gain than permitted by paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section when driven by an RF input signal of less than 50 W mean power; and
(iv) Be capable of sustained operation at its designed power level;
(7) Any attenuation in the input of the amplifier which, when removed or modified, would permit the amplifier to function at its designed transmitter power when driven by an RF frequency input signal of less than 50 W mean power; or
(8) Any other features designed to facilitate operation in a telecommunication service other than the Amateur Radio Services, such as the Citizens Band (CB) Radio Service.
[54 FR 25857, June 20, 1989, as amended at 63 FR 36611, July 7, 1998]
Effective Date Note: At 63 FR 36611, July 7, 1998, Sec. 97.317, the section heading was revised; paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) were amended by removing the term "type acceptance'' each place it appears and adding in its place "certification'', effective Oct. 5, 1998."
Jämför dessa textmassor med vår 3/4 A4-sida av vagt hållna bestämmelser...
73/
Karl-Arne
SM0AOM
SM5NFT
Well-Known Member
Kan tänka mig att detta var ett jätte-problem i USA på 70-talet när PR-radion fortfarande var "levande". Var själv aktiv då, och minns problemen med blockerade mottagare, splattrande sändare mm. Mottagarna var i många fall en rent dålig konstruktion, men bipolära transistorer i första blandaren etc. Gissar att sändarna inte var så lämpade att driva slutsteg på flera hundra watt heller.
Situationen blev ju inte direkt bättre med den då gällande AM-modulation och ett max utstyrt klass-C slutsteg efter. Minns att en del slutsteg hade omkopplare för SSB. Detta kunde leda en att tro att steget arbetade linjärt. "Icke sa nicke". Fortfarande klass C, men med en fördröjning av frånslaget av antennrelät, så det inte skulle "klappra"
Hade självklart inga slutsteg själv.
73 Arne
Situationen blev ju inte direkt bättre med den då gällande AM-modulation och ett max utstyrt klass-C slutsteg efter. Minns att en del slutsteg hade omkopplare för SSB. Detta kunde leda en att tro att steget arbetade linjärt. "Icke sa nicke". Fortfarande klass C, men med en fördröjning av frånslaget av antennrelät, så det inte skulle "klappra"
Hade självklart inga slutsteg själv.
73 Arne